Writing
Affect vs. Effect: The Difference and How to Remember It
Affect is usually a verb and effect is usually a noun. Learn the rule, the two exceptions, a memory trick that sticks, and test yourself with a quick quiz.
Writing guides
Essays, citations, grammar and style: step-by-step guides for students and professionals who want their writing to read well.
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Writing
APA vs. MLA vs. Chicago: Which Citation Style to Use
APA, MLA and Chicago compared: which subjects use each, how in-text citations, reference lists, title pages and dates differ, and links to every citation guide.
Writing
Comma Rules: 10 Rules With Examples and Common Mistakes
The 10 comma rules that cover almost every sentence, with examples: lists, clauses, introductions, extra details, dates, quotes, and when not to use one.
Writing
Essay Hooks: 12 Types With Examples (and What to Avoid)
A hook is the opening line that makes someone keep reading. See 12 types of essay hooks with original examples, which hook fits each essay, and openers to skip.
Writing
How Many Pages Is 1,000 Words? Words to Pages Chart
1,000 words is about 2 pages single-spaced or 3.3–4 pages double-spaced. Use the chart for 250 to 5,000 words and see what changes the page count.
Writing
How Many Words Is a 5-Page Essay? Pages to Words Chart
A 5-page essay is roughly 1,250–1,500 words double-spaced or 2,500–3,000 single-spaced. See the pages-to-words chart and what changes the count.
Writing
How to Cite a Book in APA, MLA and Chicago (With Examples)
Cite a book in APA 7, MLA 9 and Chicago: one or more authors, editions, a chapter in an edited book, and e-books, with in-text examples.
Writing
How to Cite a Journal Article in APA, MLA and Chicago
Cite a journal article in APA 7, MLA 9 and Chicago: authors, volume and issue, page ranges, article numbers, DOIs and URLs, plus in-text forms.
Writing
How to Cite a Website in APA, MLA and Chicago
Cite a web page in APA 7, MLA 9 and Chicago, including pages with no author or no date, and when to cite a whole website instead of one page.
Writing
How to Cite an Interview, Image or Social Media Post
Cite interviews (personal and published), images and figures, and social media posts in APA 7, MLA 9 and Chicago, with fictional examples.
Writing
How to Cite Claude, Gemini and Copilot in APA, MLA and Chicago
Cite Claude, Gemini and Copilot in APA, MLA and Chicago with the same pattern as ChatGPT, plus how to describe your prompt and disclose AI use.
Writing
How to Write a Conclusion Paragraph (With Examples)
Write a conclusion paragraph that does more than summarize: restate the thesis in new words, connect your points and show why it matters. With examples.