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How to Cite a PDF in APA, MLA and Chicago
A PDF is a file format, not a source type. Learn how to identify what your PDF really is, then cite it correctly in APA 7, MLA 9 and Chicago with examples.
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How to Cite a Poem in MLA, APA and Chicago (With Line Numbers)
How to cite and quote poems in MLA 9, APA 7 and Chicago: works-cited entries, line numbers, slashes for line breaks, block quotes and poems found online.
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How to Cite a PowerPoint Presentation in APA, MLA and Chicago
Reference formats and in-text citations for PowerPoint slides in APA 7, MLA 9 and Chicago, including course slides, public slide decks and conference talks.
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How to Cite a YouTube Video in APA, MLA and Chicago
Cite a YouTube video correctly in APA 7, MLA 9 and Chicago: who counts as the author, how to format the title and date, and how to add timestamps in-text.
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How to Do an In-Text Citation With No Author (APA and MLA)
When a source has no author, cite it by title. See APA 7th and MLA 9th in-text examples for web pages, articles, reports and group authors.
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How to Do Footnotes: Chicago Format, Examples and Word Steps
How to write and insert footnotes: Chicago full and shortened notes, numbering and placement rules, ibid., and steps for Word and Google Docs.
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How to End an Email: Closing Lines and Sign-Offs That Work
How to end an email well: a clear closing line, the right sign-off, a clean signature, and examples for formal, work, academic and casual emails.
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How to Include a Page Number in a Citation (APA and MLA)
Where the page number goes in APA 7th and MLA 9th citations, how to cite page ranges, and what to use when a source has no pages at all.
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How to Increase Word Count Without Padding Your Essay
Short on words? Add evidence, examples, counterarguments and analysis that make your essay stronger, not longer for its own sake. Practical steps inside.
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How to Quote a Quote: Punctuation and Citations (APA, MLA)
Use single quotation marks inside double ones, and cite secondary sources with 'as cited in' (APA 7th) or 'qtd. in' (MLA 9th). Clear examples.
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How to Start an Email: Greetings and First Lines That Work
Choose the right greeting for any reader, then write an opening line that gets to the point. Examples for formal, work, academic and follow-up emails.
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How to Summarize a Book: Fiction and Nonfiction Methods
Summarize a book without retelling every chapter: take notes as you read, find the core idea or arc, then write a tight summary. Examples for both types.